《人文英语》给我们上一堂精彩、丰富的人文课，使我们知道所有关于文明必须知道的事。
  品历史知识，赏西方文化，行艺术之旅，增人文涵养。一堂丰富的人文英语课——现代人应该了解的西方历史，文化，艺术、风俗……
  本书为该系列《一本书读懂英国文学》分册，介绍了著名英国文学作品和作家。
  
  
  内容推荐
  
  
  
  第一章 英国文学的开端
  　1．《贝奥武夫》
  　2．《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》
  　3．杰弗雷?乔叟(约1343～1400)
  第二章 英国文学的诞生和繁荣
  　1．托马斯?莫尔(1478～1535)
  　2．埃德蒙?斯宾塞(约1552～1599)
  　3．威廉?莎士比亚(1564～1616)
  　4．本?琼森(1572～1637)
  　5．菲利普?锡德尼(1554～1586)
  　6．弗朗西斯?培根(1561～1626)
  第三章 17～18世纪的英国文学
  　1．约翰?多恩(1572～1631)
  　2．罗伯特?赫里克(1591～1674)
  　3．乔治?赫伯特(1593～1633)
  　4．约翰?弥尔顿(1608～1674)
  　5．亨利?沃恩(1622～1695)
  　6．约翰?班扬(1628～1688)
  　7．约翰?德莱顿(1631～1700)
  　8．丹尼尔?笛福(1660～1731)
  　9．乔纳森?斯威夫待(1667～1745)
  　10．亚历山大?蒲柏(1688—1744)
  第四章 维多利亚时期的文学繁荣景象
  　4．1 诗歌的繁荣
  　1．塞缪尔?泰勒?柯勒律治(1772～1834)
  　2．乔治?戈登?拜伦(1788～1824)
  　3．珀西?比希?雪莱(1792～1822)
  　4．2 散文的繁荣
  　1．托马斯?德?昆西(1785～1859)
  　4．3 小说的繁荣
  　1．简?奥斯汀(1775～1817)
  　2．查尔斯?狄更斯(1812～1870)
  　3．亚瑟?柯南?道尔(1859～1930)
  第五章 英国诺贝尔文学奖得主
  　1．1907年诺贝尔文学奖得主——约瑟夫?鲁德亚德?吉卜林(1865-1936)
  　2．1925年诺贝尔文学奖得主——乔治?萧伯纳(1856-1950)
  　3．2005年诺贝尔文学奖得主——哈罗德?品特(1930-2008)
  　4．2007年诺贝尔文学奖得主——多丽丝?莱辛(1919～)
  第六章 英国现代畅销书作家
  　1．J?K?罗琳(1966～)
  　2．杰奎琳?威尔逊(1945～)
  　3．特里?普拉切特(1948～)
  　4．伊妮德?布莱顿(1897～1968)
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  《观手识人》（英国手相学先驱扛鼎之作，世界知名人士手相图收录，最靠谱、最科学的“观手识人”术！）
  
  1. Beowulf 《贝奥武夫》
  ●A Brief Introduction of Beowulf 《贝奥武夫》简介
  Beowulf is the conventional title of an Old English heroic epicpoem consisting of 3182 alliterative long lines, set inScandinavia, commonly cited as one of the most important works ofAnglo-Saxon literature. It survives in a single manuscript known asthe Nowell Codex. Its composition by an anonymous Anglo-Saxon poetis dated between the 8th and the early 11th century.
  In the poem, Beowulf, a hero of the Geats, battles threeantagonists: Grendel, who has been attacking the resident
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  warriors of the mead hall of Hroegar (the king of the Danes),Grendel's mother, and an unnamed dragon. The last battle takesplace later in life, Beowulf now being king of the Geats. In thefinal battle, Beowulf is fatally wounded. After his death hisretainers bury him in a tumulus in Geatland.
  《贝奥武夫》，又译《贝奥武甫》，是完成于约750年左右的英雄叙事长诗，长达3182行。故事的舞台位于北欧的斯堪的纳维亚半岛。是以古英语记载的传说中最古老的一篇，在语言学方面也是相当珍贵的文献。《贝奥武夫》（Beowulf）乃现存古英文文学中最伟大之作，也是欧洲最早的方言史诗。现存的《贝奥武夫》唯一手稿，出于一个名叫诺埃尔的记员之手，成稿时间为十世纪早期。本诗原以西撒克逊方言写成，押头韵而不押尾韵，用双字隐喻而不用明喻。
  本书讲述勇士贝奥武夫与怪物格伦德尔搏斗，使其断臂而死。怪物之母为子复仇，又被他追踪杀死。后来他做了国王，一次火龙来犯，他挺身斩龙，伤重而死。人民为他举行了隆重的葬礼。
  虽然历史上并未证实确有贝奥武夫其人，但诗中所提及的许多其他人物与事迹却得到印证。《贝奥武夫》仅存的手稿现收藏于大英博物馆。
  ●The Main Content of Beowulf 主要内容
  诗内容分为两部分：
  第一部分描叙丹麦霍格国王（KingHrothgurs）宏伟的宫殿，在前后十二年中，半人半魔的妖怪格伦德尔（Grendel）每晚出没捉食霍格的战士。此时恰巧瑞典南部济兹（Geats）王子贝奥武夫率家臣来访，协助除害。国王当晚设宴款待，孰料妖怪格伦德尔又复出现，捉食一名济兹战士，贝奥武夫与之格斗，贝氏扭断其臂，妖怪落荒而逃，因受重伤致死。第二天晚上，格伦德尔的母亲前来为其子复仇，其后贝氏把她在一片湖泊的洞穴中杀死。
  第二部分描叙贝奥武夫返国，被拥立为王，其前后五十年，举国大治。最后贝奥武夫以垂老之年，杀一喷火巨龙，但其个人亦因此而身受重
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  创，终于身死。诗末叙述其葬礼，并作挽歌。
  ●Selected Reading 名著选读—夫》
  Part II 第二部分
  WENT he forth to .nd at fall of nightthat haughty house, and heedwhereverthe Ring-Danes, outrevelled, to rest had gone.Found withinit the atheling bandasleep after feasting and fearless of sorrow,ofhuman hardship. Unhallowed wight,grim and greedy, he graspedbetimes,wrathful, reckless, from resting-places,thirty of thethanes, and thence he rushedfain of his fell spoil, faringhomeward,laden with slaughter, his lair to seek.Then at thedawning, as day was breaking,the might of Grendel to men wasknown;then after wassail was wail uplifted,loud moan in the morn.The mighty chief,atheling excellent, unblithe sat,labored in woefor the loss of his thanes,when once had been traced the trail ofthe .end,spirit accurst: too cruel that sorrow,too long, tooloathsome. Not late the respite;with night returning, anewbeganruthless murder; he recked no whit,
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  .rm in his guilt, of the feud and crime.They were easy to .ndwho elsewhere soughtin room remote their rest at night,bed in thebowers, when that bale was shown,was seen in sooth, with suresttoken,—the hall-thane's hate. Such held themselvesfar and fast whothe .end outran!Thus ruled unrighteous and raged his .llone againstall; until empty stoodthat lordly building, and long it bodeso.Twelve years' tide the trouble he bore,sovran of Scyldings,sorrows in plenty,boundless cares. There came unhiddentidings trueto the tribes of men,in sorrowful songs, how ceaselesslyGrendelharassed Hrothgar, what hate he bore him,what murder andmassacre, many a year,feud unfading, —refused consentto deal withany of Daneland's earls,make pact of peace, or compound forgold:still less did the wise men ween to getgreat fee for the feudfrom his .endish hands.But the evil one ambushed old andyoungdeath-shadow dark, and dogged them still,lured, or lurked inthe livelong nightof misty moorlands: men may say notwhere thehaunts of these Hell-Runes be.Such heaping of horrors the hater ofmen,
  
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  lonely roamer, wrought unceasing,harassings heavy. O'er Heorothe lorded,gold-bright hall, in gloomy nights;and ne'er could theprince approach his throne,
  —'twas judgment of God, —or have joy in his hall. Sore was thesorrow to Scyldings'-friend, heart-rending misery. Many nobles satassembled, and searched out counsel how it were best forbold-hearted men against harassing terror to try their hand. Whilesthey vowed in their heathen fanes altar-offerings, asked with wordsthat the slayer-of-souls would succor give them for the pain oftheir people. Their practice this, their heathen hope; 'twas Hellthey thought of in mood of their mind. Almighty they knew not,Doomsman of Deeds and dreadful Lord, nor Heaven's-Helmet heededthey ever, Wielder-of-Wonder. —Woe for that man who in harm andhatred hales his soul to .ery embraces; —nor favor nor changeawaits he ever. But well for him that after death-day may draw tohis Lord, and friendship .nd in the Father's arms!
  
  
  
  2. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 《盎格鲁—撒克逊编年史》
  ●A Brief Introduction Of Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 简介
  The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old Englishchronicling1 the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The annals wereinitially created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex,during the reign of Alfred the Great. Multiple manuscript copieswere made and distributed to monasteries2 across England and wereindependently updated. In one case, the chronicle was still beingactively updated in 1154.
  The Chronicle is not unbiased: there are occasions when comparisonwith other medieval sources makes it clear that the scribes whowrote it omitted3 events or told one-sided versions of stories;there are also places where the different versions contradict eachother. Taken as a whole, however, the Chronicle is the single mostimportant historical source for the period in England between thedeparture of the Romans and the decades following the NormanConquest. Much of the information given in the Chronicle is notrecorded elsewhere. In addition, the manuscripts are
  
  1.chronicling
   n. 编年史，年代记；记录vt. 把……载入编年史
  
  2. monasteries n. 修道院
  
  3.omit
   v. 遗漏，省略
  
  
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  important sources for the history of the English language; inparticular, the later Peterborough text is one of the earliestexamples of Middle English in existence.
  Nine manuscripts survive in whole or in part, though not all are ofequal historical value and none of them is the original version.The oldest seems to have been started towards the end of Alfred'sreign, while the most recent was written at Peterborough Abbeyafter a .re at that monastery in 1116. Almost all of the materialin the chronicle is in the form of annals, by year; the earliestare dated at 60 BC, and historical material follows up to the yearin which the chronicle was written, at which point contemporaryrecords begin. These manuscripts collectively are known as theAnglo-Saxon Chronicle.
  《盎格鲁—撒克逊编年史》是一部记载公元前1世纪~12世纪英格兰历史的编年体汇编。这部编年史以古英语书写，大约在9世纪后半期的韦塞克斯（Wessex）出现之后由英格兰各地的修道院独立书写、抄录与保存，最晚的更新延续至1154年。
  尽管编年史也有偏见，《盎格鲁—撒克逊编年史》在有些情况下就与其他中世纪的版本比较—很明显，作者省略了某些事件或叙述片面的版本；也有一些地方，不同的版本相互矛盾。但总的来看，此纪事是英国在罗马人撤离后和诺曼征服时期之间最重要的历史来源。纪事提供的大部分资料在其他地方没有记录。此外，该手稿是英语语言历史的重要来源，特别是后来的彼得伯勒文本是一个最早的中古英语的例子。
  虽然九份手稿并不具有相同的历史价值，并且都不是原版的，但都以完整或部分的形式保存至今。最古老的一份是从阿尔弗雷德统治的开始到结束的记载，最近的一份是1116年彼得伯勒大教堂火灾后的记载。几乎所有的材料都是以史册的形式记载的，以年为单位。其最早日期是公元前60年，在写编年史时，后面跟着历史材料，此时现代记录开始了。
  
  
  ● 现状
  现有的编年史为九份彼此相关的手稿，皆为后来抄写的副本，其中
  [G]是[A]的抄本，不过前者系以拉丁文抄写。
  
  ●Selected Reading 选读
  导读：本文选取的版本由牧师詹姆斯·英格拉姆(Rev.JamesIngram)翻译。这个版本的文字主要基于普通人出版社(EverymanPress,London,1912)1912年出版的名为《盎格鲁—撒克逊编年史》的书。
  1~448 The island Britain is 800 miles long, and 200 miles broad.And there
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  are in the island .ve nations; English, Welsh (or British) ,Scottish, Pictish, and Latin. The first inhabitants were theBritons, who came from Armenia, and .rst peopled Britain southward.Then happened it, that the Picts came south from Scythia, with longships, not many; and, landing .rst in the northern part of Ireland,they told the Scots that they must dwell there. But they would notgive them leave; for the Scots told them that they could not alldwell there together; "But," said the Scots, "we can neverthelessgive you advice. We know another island here to the east. There youmay dwell, if you will; and whosoever withstandeth you, we willassist you, that you may gain it." Then went the Picts and enteredthis land northward. Southward the Britons possessed it,as webefore said. And the Picts obtained wives of the Scots, oncondition that they chose their kings always on the female side;which they have continued to do, so long since. And it happened, inthe run of years, that some party of Scots went from Ireland intoBritain, and acquired some portion of this land. Their leader wascalled Reoda, from whom they are named Dalreodi (or Dalreathians).Sixty winters ere that Christ was born, Caius Julius, emperor ofthe Romans, with eighty ships sought Britain. There he was firstbeaten in a dreadful fight, and lost a great part of his army. Thenhe let his army abide with the Scots, and went south into Gaul.There he gathered six hundred ships, with which he went back intoBritain. When they first rushed together, Caesar's tribune, whosename was Labienus, was slain. Then took the Welsh sharp
  Chapter I
  本书是英国最著名的史书之一，也是中世纪早期西欧最重要的史学著作之一，是记载公元前50 年至公元1154年英国历史的唯一史料，因此具有极高的历史学价值。
  第一章英国文学的开端
  
  
  
  piles, and drove them with great clubs into the water, at acertain ford of the river called Thames. Whenthe Romans found that,they would not go over the ford. Then .ed the Britons to thefastnesses of the woods; and Caesar, having after much .ghtinggained many of the chief towns, went back into Gaul .
  B.C. 60 . Before the incarnation of Christ sixty years, GaiusJulius the emperor, .rst of the Romans, sought the land of Britain;and he crushed the Britons in battle, and overcame them; andnevertheless he was unable to gain any empire there.
  A.D. 1 . Octavianus reigned fifty-six winters; and in theforty-second year of his reign Christ was born. Then threeastrologers from the east came to worship Christ; and the childrenin Bethlehem were slain by Herod in persecution of Christ.
  
  A.D. 3 . This year died Herod, stabbed by his own hand; andArchelaus his son succeeded him. The child Christ was also thisyear brought back again from Egypt.
  
  A.D. 6 . From the beginning of the world to this year were agonefive thousand and two hundred winters.
  
  A.D. 11 . This year Herod the son of Antipater undertook thegovernment in Judea.
  
  A.D. 12 . This year Philip and Herod divided Judea into fourkingdoms.
  
  A.D. 16 . This year Tiberius succeeded to the empire.
  
  A.D. 26 . This year Pilate began to reign over the Jews.
  
  
  
  A.D. 30 . This year was Christ baptized; and Peter and Andrewwere converted, together with James, and John, and Philip, and allthe twelve apostles.
  
  
  
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  3.Geofrey Chaucer 杰弗雷·乔叟(约1343～1400)
  ●The Background of Chaucer’s Birth 出生背景
  By the late fourteenth century, however, the three basiccategories—the nobility, the church, and the large mass ofcommoners, were layered into complex, interrelated, and unstablesocial strata among which birth, wealth, profession, and personalability all played a part in determining one’s status in a worldthat was rapidly changing economically, politically, and socially.A growing and prosperous middle class was beginning to playincreasingly important roles in church and state, blurring thetraditional class boundaries, and it was into this middle classthat Chaucer was born.
  14世纪晚期的英国，组成社会的三部分—贵族、教会和平民之间的关系越来越复杂，联系也日趋紧密。在这个不稳定，经济、政治不断变化的社会，决定个人社会地位的出生、财富和个人能力各自起着重要的作用。一部分成功的中产阶级正不断地发展壮大，并在国家和教会中起着越来越重要的作用，使得传统社会的阶层愈发模糊。乔叟正是出生在这样一个中产阶级家庭。
  
  
  
  ●Chaucer’s Life Experiences 人生经历
  Chaucer was the son of a prosperous wine merchant and spent hischildhood in the London’s Vintry, where ships come from France andSpain. Here he heard several languages spoken, become fluent inFrench, and received schooling in Latin. In his early teens, hisfather placed him as a page in one of the great aristocratichouseholds of England, that of the countess of Ulster who wasmarried to Prince Lionel, the second son of Edward III. ThereChaucer would have acquired the manners and skills required for acareer in the service of the ruling class, not only in the role ofpersonal attendant in royal households but in a series ofadministrative posts.
  He began with a reference, in Elizabeth of Ulster’s householdaccounts, to an outfit as a page(1357). And he was captured by theFrench and ransomed in one of Edward III’s campaigns during theHundred Years War(1359). He was a member of King Edward’s personalhousehold(1367) and took part in several diplomatic missions toSpain(1366), France(1368), and Italy(1372). As controller ofcustoms on wool, sheepskins, and leather for the port ofLondon(1374-85), Chaucer audited and kept books on the exporttaxes, which were one of the Crown’s main sources of revenue. Heserved as a justice of the peace and knight of the shire(the titlegiven to a member of Parliament) for the county of Kent(1385-86).As clerk of the king’s works(1389-91) , Chaucer was responsible forthe maintenance of numerous royal residences, parks, and otherholdings; his duties included supervision of the construction ofthe nave of Westminster Abbey and of stands and lists for acelebrated tournament staged by Richard II.
  These activities brought Chaucer into association with the rulingnobility
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  of the kingdom, with Prince Lionel and his younger brother John ofGaunt, duke of Lancaster, England’s most powerful baron during muchof Chaucer’s lifetime; with their father, King Edward; and withEdward’s grandson, who succeeded to the throne as Richard II.
  The diplomatic mission that sent Chaucer to Italy in 1372 was inall likelihood a milestone in his literary development. This visitand a subsequent one to Florence(1378) brought him into directcontact with the Italian Renaissance. The works of Dante, Petrarch,and Boccaccio provided him with models of new verse forms, newsubject matter, and new modes of representation.
  He died in 1400 and was buried in the Westminster Abbey, and thusfounding the “Poets Corner”.
  乔叟出生在一个富有的中产阶级家庭，父亲是一个成功的酒商。他童年的大部分时光是在伦敦的运酒码头上度过的。在那里他经常碰到从法国和西班牙来的酒商，因此学会了法语和西班牙语，他还在学校里学了拉丁语。十几岁的时候，父亲把乔叟送到了伦敦的一个贵族家庭—爱尔斯特的女伯爵家作侍应，女伯爵嫁给了爱德华三世的次子。在那里他有机会学到了服务统治阶层所需要的礼仪举止和社交技巧，不仅可以在皇室成员的家庭中担当侍者，还能在政府部门里求得一官半职。
  此后，乔叟开始在爱尔斯特的伊利莎白家庭中管理账目，后到宫庭做侍童（1357年）。1359年他参加对法战争时被捕，后被爱德华三世赎回。后来他成为国王爱德华的贴身侍从，多次代表国王出使西班牙、法国、意大利等地。1374～1385年他担任伦敦港口的皮毛关税管理员，这些关税是当时皇室税收的主要来源。1385～1386年，乔叟任肯特郡治安法官和该郡骑士（众议院成员）。1389～1391年理查德亲政后，乔叟又先后担任公园等王室建筑工程主事，管理威斯敏斯特教堂正厅的建设和制定骑士比赛的规则和名单。
  
  
  
  
  
  这些经历使得乔叟有机会与当时的王公贵族共事，其中包括莱昂内尔王子和他的弟弟约翰，兰开斯特公爵等当时英国最有权力的贵族们，以及他们的父亲爱德华国王和继承他王位的孙子理查德二世。
  1372年出使意大利在他的文学创作中是一个转折点。这次和接下来在1378年到弗罗伦萨的旅行使他直面了意大利的文艺复兴。但丁、彼特拉克和薄卡丘的作品给他提供了新的诗体和新素材，甚至新的表现手法。
  1400年乔叟逝世，安葬在伦敦威斯敏特斯教堂的“诗人之角”，他也是第一位埋葬于此的诗人。